Phnom Penh is the capital and largest city of Cambodia, located at the confluence of the Mekong, Tonlé Sap, and Bassac rivers. It serves as the country’s political, economic, and cultural center, blending French colonial architecture with rapid urban modernization.
Key facts
- Country: Cambodia
- Founded: 15th century
- Population: About 2.3 million (2023 est.)
- Area: Approximately 680 km² (260 sq mi)
- Notable rivers: Mekong, Tonlé Sap, Bassac
Historical background
Phnom Penh became Cambodia’s capital in 1865 under King Norodom after centuries of shifting royal seats. The city flourished during the French colonial period, earning the nickname “Pearl of Asia” for its elegant boulevards and riverfront. It suffered severe depopulation during the Khmer Rouge era (1975–1979) but has since rebuilt into a vibrant metropolis.
Geography and layout
Situated in southern-central Cambodia, Phnom Penh lies at the junction of three major rivers, creating fertile surroundings and a scenic riverfront. Key districts include Daun Penh, the historic core; Chamkarmon, known for embassies and shopping; and Tuol Kork, a growing residential area.
Economy and development
As Cambodia’s economic hub, Phnom Penh hosts government institutions, banks, manufacturing industries, and a booming real estate sector. Tourism, garments, and construction drive much of its growth. The city is also central to national transport networks via its port and Phnom Penh International Airport.
Culture and landmarks
Phnom Penh houses many of Cambodia’s most important cultural sites, including the Royal Palace, Silver Pagoda, and National Museum of Cambodia. The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum and Choeung Ek Killing Fields memorialize victims of the Khmer Rouge regime. Modern life centers around cafés, markets such as Phsar Thmei, and an expanding skyline that reflects Cambodia’s ongoing urban transformation.
