Angkor Thom

Angkor Thom is a vast, walled royal city in Siem Reap, Cambodia, that served as the last capital of the Khmer Empire. Founded in the late 12th century by King Jayavarman VII, it is celebrated for its monumental architecture, symbolic layout, and the serene stone faces that adorn its gates and temples.

Key facts

• Founded: Late 12th century CE

• Founder: King Jayavarman VII

• Area: About 9 km²

• Main temple: Bayon Temple

• UNESCO status: Part of the Angkor Archaeological Park World Heritage Site (since 1992)

Historical background

Angkor Thom (“Great City”) was built after the sacking of Angkor by the Cham people in 1177. Jayavarman VII reconstructed it as a fortified capital symbolizing both political resurgence and Buddhist cosmology. Its moat, walls, and towers reflected the universe’s mythical structure, with Bayon Temple at the cosmic center.

Architecture and layout

Angkor Thom is enclosed by an eight-meter-high wall and surrounded by a broad moat. The city’s five monumental gates—each crowned with giant faces—lead to a grid of ceremonial roads. Inside lie key structures such as Bayon, the Baphuon Temple, the Terrace of the Elephants, and the Terrace of the Leper King, all illustrating refined Khmer artistry.

Religious and cultural significance

Originally built as a Mahayana Buddhist city, Angkor Thom also integrates Hindu motifs, demonstrating the syncretic nature of Khmer spirituality. The smiling stone faces—believed to represent Avalokiteśvara or Jayavarman VII himself—embody compassion and divine kingship.

Preservation and tourism

Today, Angkor Thom is one of Cambodia’s most visited archaeological sites, drawing millions of visitors each year. Managed by the APSARA National Authority and international conservation teams, it remains central to Cambodian cultural identity and heritage preservation.