Phnom Penh is the capital and largest city of Cambodia, situated at the confluence of the Mekong, Tonlé Sap, and Bassac Rivers. Once celebrated as the “Pearl of Asia,” it remains the nation’s political, cultural, and economic heart, combining French colonial heritage, Buddhist temples, and rapid modern development.
Country: Cambodia
Founded: 1434 (reestablished 1865 by King Norodom)
Population: about 2.2 million (2019 census)
Area: roughly 690 km²
Rivers: Mekong, Tonlé Sap, Bassac
Legend traces Phnom Penh’s origins to Lady Penh, who discovered sacred Buddha images and built the hilltop shrine now known as Wat Phnom. The city became the Khmer capital in the 15th century and flourished under French rule in the 19th and early 20th centuries, gaining broad boulevards and distinctive colonial buildings. It suffered devastation under the Khmer Rouge (1975–1979), when residents were evacuated, but was revived following the regime’s fall.
Located in Cambodia’s south-central plains, Phnom Penh’s riverside setting makes it both fertile and flood-prone. The city has a tropical monsoon climate: the dry season runs from November to May, and the rainy season from June to October, with average highs near 30 °C (86 °F).
Phnom Penh’s Royal Palace and the adjoining Silver Pagoda display ornate Khmer architecture and house treasures such as the Emerald Buddha and a floor of silver tiles. The nearby National Museum preserves thousands of Angkor-era sculptures. Memorials like the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum and Choeung Ek Killing Fields honor victims of the Khmer Rouge. Wat Phnom, Central Market (Phsar Thmey), and the riverside promenade at Sisowath Quay remain enduring symbols of city life.
As Cambodia’s main hub for government and business, Phnom Penh leads in manufacturing, trade, and banking. Real-estate construction and tourism have expanded rapidly, with major infrastructure projects including a new international airport under development in Kandal Province.
Phnom Penh blends Buddhist tradition with cosmopolitan energy: saffron-robed monks share streets with modern cafés and high-rises. Its cuisine features Khmer staples like fish amok and kuy teav noodle soup, while festivals such as Khmer New Year and the Water Festival fill the riverfront with music and boat races. Despite its turbulent past, the city stands today as a resilient and dynamic capital of Southeast Asia.
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