Preah Khan

Preah Khan is a vast 12th-century temple complex in Angkor, near Siem Reap, Cambodia. Built by King Jayavarman VII, it was both a Buddhist monastery and a royal city. Known for its labyrinthine layout and trees intertwined with ancient stone, it is one of Angkor’s most atmospheric sites.

Key facts

• Location: Angkor Archaeological Park, Siem Reap, Cambodia

• Constructed: Late 12th century CE

• Founder: King Jayavarman VII

• Primary dedication: Avalokiteśvara (Bodhisattva of Compassion)

• UNESCO status: Part of Angkor World Heritage Site (1992)

Historical background

Preah Khan, meaning “Sacred Sword,” was built around 1191 CE to honor King Jayavarman VII’s father. It formed part of a network of temples—along with Ta Prohm, Neak Pean, and Bayon—constructed after the Khmer Empire’s victory over the Cham. Its design symbolized renewal of royal power and Buddhist merit.

Architecture and layout

The temple complex covers roughly 56 hectares within a 700 × 800 m moat. Four grand entrances with causeways lead to concentric galleries, shrines, and halls. Structures of laterite and sandstone contain intricate carvings of Buddhist and Hindu imagery. The eastern approach features libraries and sanctuaries, while outer areas once housed monks and servants supporting the temple-city’s daily life.

Symbolism and use

Originally a Mahāyāna Buddhist center, Preah Khan incorporated Hindu deities, reflecting religious pluralism in the Khmer Empire. Inscriptions record that over 100,000 officials and servants maintained the site, with its lands providing resources for education, ritual, and charity. The temple was later adapted for Theravāda worship as regional beliefs evolved.

Conservation and significance

Preah Khan has been stabilized through efforts by the World Monuments Fund since 1991, prioritizing minimal intervention to preserve its “living ruin” quality. Its blend of monumental planning, natural encroachment, and artistic detail exemplifies the apogee of Khmer architecture and remains a major destination for archaeological and touristic study within the Angkor complex.