Vietnam is a Southeast Asian nation located on the eastern edge of the Indochinese Peninsula, bordering China, Laos, Cambodia, and the South China Sea. Known for its S-shaped geography, dynamic economy, and deep cultural heritage, it is home to more than 100 million people and a diverse range of ethnic groups.
Key facts
- Capital: Hanoi
- Largest city: Ho Chi Minh City
- Population: about 100.3 million (2023 estimate)
- Official language: Vietnamese
- Currency: Vietnamese dong (VND)
- Government: Socialist Republic
Geography and environment
Vietnam stretches roughly 1,650 km from north to south, with terrain descending from forested mountains in the northwest to fertile deltas and over 3,200 km of coastline. It borders the East Sea and features major river systems such as the Red River in the north and the Mekong Delta in the south. The country’s tropical-monsoon climate brings high humidity and seasonal rains, shaping its lush biodiversity. National parks like Phong Nha–Kẻ Bàng National Park and Cúc Phương National Park preserve rare species and attract ecotourism .
History and culture
Vietnam’s civilization dates back thousands of years, evolving through periods of Chinese rule, indigenous dynasties, French colonialism, and the mid-20th-century Vietnam War. The reunified Socialist Republic was established in 1976. Its culture blends Confucian, Buddhist, and indigenous traditions, visible in festivals, pagodas, and enduring crafts. The conical nón lá hat and the áo dài dress remain enduring symbols of national identity .
Economy and society
Since the 1986 Đổi Mới reforms, Vietnam has shifted toward a socialist-oriented market economy, becoming one of Asia’s fastest-growing nations. It is a major exporter of textiles, electronics, and agricultural products such as rice and coffee. Rapid urbanization contrasts with rural regions that maintain traditional livelihoods .
Tourism and global profile
Vietnam draws millions of visitors yearly with destinations like Hạ Long Bay, Hội An Ancient Town, and Phú Quốc Island. Its cuisine—highlighted by dishes such as phở and bánh mì—reflects the country’s regional diversity. Recognized repeatedly as “Asia’s Leading Destination,” Vietnam combines natural splendor, hospitality, and cultural depth.
